Accelerated expansion without dark energy

The fact that the ΛCDM model fits the observations does not necessarily imply the physical existence of ‘dark energy’. Dropping the assumption that cold dark matter (CDM) is a perfect fluid opens the possibility to fit the data without dark energy. For imperfect CDM, negative bulk pressure is favoured by thermodynamical arguments and might drive the cosmic acceleration. The coincidence between the onset of accelerated expansion and the epoch of structure formation at large scales might suggest that the two phenomena are linked. A specific example is considered in which effective (anti-frictional) forces, which may be due to dissipative processes during the formation of inhomogeneities, give rise to accelerated expansion